mirror of git://git.acid.vegas/ircart.git
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Plaintext
357 lines
13 KiB
Plaintext
Shay Bilchik, Administrator .
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Fact Sheet #29 August 1995
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Hate Crime
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Eric Bishop and Jeff Slowikowski
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Hate crime, also known as bias crime, has been
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defined by the Department of Justice.s Community
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Relations Service (CRS) as :
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A criminal offense committed against a person or
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property which is motivated, in whole or in part,
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by the offender's bias against a race, religion,
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ethnic/national origin, or sexual orientation
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group.
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In 1990, Congress enacted the Hate Crimes
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Statistics Act, mandating the Attorney General to
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collect data on the numbers of crimes committed
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annually in the United States that are motivated
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by hate. The Attorney General has directed the
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Federal Bureau of Investigation.s (FBI) Uniform
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Crime Reporting Program to conduct the data
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collection and issue an annual report. The FBI
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reported 7,587 bias motivated criminal incidents
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with 8,987 offenses and 9,372 victims for the year
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1993. The FBI notes that hate crimes are not
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distinct offenses, but rather traditional crimes
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motivated by bias.
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The Nature of Hate Crime
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In 1993, intimidation accounted for 34% of the
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8,987 reported offenses with destruction of
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property or vandalism accounting for 26%, followed
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by simple assaults at 20%, and aggravated assaults
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at 16% (Table 1). There were 16 murders and 17
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rapes reported in 1993 that were motivated by
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hate. In these offenses, the most common
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motivation was race (64.4%), followed by religion
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(15.1%), sexual orientation (11.1%) and
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ethnicity/national origin (9.4%) (Table 2).
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TABLE 1. Hate and Bias Incidents, Offenses,
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Victims and Known Offenders by Category in 1993.
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Incidents Offenses
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Total 7,587 8,987
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Offense Category
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Person Crimes: 4,981 6,293
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Murder 11 16
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Forcible Rape 13 15
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Assault
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Aggravated 1,044 1,452
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Simple 1,462 1,754
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Intimidation 2,451 3,056
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Property Crimes: 2,580 2,666
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Robbery 157 161
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Burglary 84 88
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Larceny-theft 55 61
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Auto Theft 9 9
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Arson 53 53
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Vandalism 2,222 2,294
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Other: 26 28
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TABLE 1 continued
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Known
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Victims Offenders
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Total 9,372 8,610
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Offense Category
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Person Crimes: 6,293 7,051
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Murder 16 22
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Forcible Rape 15 17
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Assault
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Aggravated 1,452 2,395
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Simple 1,754 2,491
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Intimidation 3,056 2,126
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Property Crimes:
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Robbery 202 378
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Burglary 104 38
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Larceny-theft 71 48
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Auto Theft 9 9
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Arson 61 36
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Vandalism 2,604 1,011
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Other: 28 39
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Source: Hate Crime Statistics 1993, Federal
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Bureau of Investigation
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Note: An incident is a single event recorded by
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law enforcement. Each incident can have multiple
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offenses and multiple offenders.
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The Victims of Hate Crime
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There were 9,372 victims of hate crimes in 1993.
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Of this number, 85% were individuals with the
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remaining 15% being businesses, organizations, or
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other property. Table 2 shows that within the
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Race category, blacks were the victims of 59.2%
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of the crimes committed, while whites were the
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victims in 30.8% of the crimes. In the
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Ethnicity/National Origin category, 71.8% of the
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hate crimes were committed against Hispanics. In
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the Religion category, the majority of the
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victims were of the Jewish faith (87.9%). Within
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the Sexual Orientation category, 68.6% of the
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victims were male homosexuals and 14.7% were
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female homosexuals.
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TABLE 2. Hate Crime Incidents, Offenses, Victims
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and Known Offenders by Bias Motivation, 1993.
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Incidents Offenses
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Total 7,587 8,987
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Bias Motivation
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Race: 4,732 5,786
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Anti-White 1,471 1,814
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Anti-Black 2,815 3,410
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Anti-American Indian/ 27 39
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Alaskan Native
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Anti-Asian/Pacific 258 297
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Islander
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Anti-Multi-Racial 161 226
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Ethnicity/National 697 845
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Origin:
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Anti-Hispanic 472 596
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Anti-Other Ethnicity 225 249
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Religion: 1,298 1,358
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Anti-Jewish 1,143 1,197
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Anti-Catholic 32 33
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Anti-Protestant 30 30
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Anti-Islamic 13 15
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Anti-Other Religion 63 66
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Anti-Multi-Religious 14 14
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Anti-Atheism/ 3 3
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Agnosticism/etc.
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Sexual Orientation: 860 998
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Homosexual
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Anti-Male 615 699
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Anti-Female 121 147
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Anti-Homosexual 94 122
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Anti-Heterosexual 28 28
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Anti-Bisexual 2 2
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TABLE 2 continued
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Known
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Victims Offenders
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Total 9,372 8,610
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Bias Motivation
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Race: 6,011 6,258
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Anti-White 1,853 2,890
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Anti-Black 3,559 2,845
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Anti-American Indian/ 43 49
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Alaskan Native
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Anti-Asian/Pacific 316 291
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Islander
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Anti-Multi-Racial 240 183
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Ethnicity/National 895 814
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Origin:
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Anti-Hispanic 643 653
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Anti-Other Ethnicity 252 161
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Religion: 1,423 461
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Anti-Jewish 1,252 371
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Anti-Catholic 33 16
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Anti-Protestant 38 13
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Anti-Islamic 15 11
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Anti-Other Religion 68 21
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Anti-Multi-Religious 14 26
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Anti-Atheism/ 3 3
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Agnosticism/etc.
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Sexual Orientation: 1,043 1,077
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Homosexual
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Anti-Male 716 834
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Anti-Female 154 106
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Anti-Homosexual 143 110
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Anti-Heterosexual 28 26
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Anti-Bisexual 2 1
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Source: Hate Crime Statistics 1993, Federal
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Bureau of Investigation
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Note: An incident is a single event recorded by
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law enforcement. Each incident can have multiple
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offenses and multiple offenders.
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Hate Crime Data Collection
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Current data on juvenile involvement in the
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perpetration of hate crimes is limited.
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Victimization information is not available. No
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empirical data identified the extent or impact of
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hate crimes on juveniles. The FBI's Uniform Crime
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Reports - Hate Crime Statistics for 1993 does not
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specify the age of the offender. The FBI.s new
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data collection system, The National Incident
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Based Reporting System (NIBRS), will be more
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specific as to exact demographics, including the
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age of both the victim and offender, but is still
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several years away from implementation. Another
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common source for crime data, the Bureau of
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Justice Statistics' (BJS) National Crime
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Victimization Survey (NCVS) , does not identify
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motives for the crimes reported. It also contains
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no information with regard to the offender.
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The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency
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Prevention's Role in Hate Crime
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The Administrator of the Office of Juvenile
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Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP), in
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accordance with sections 248(b)(7)(A) and
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261(a)(9) of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency
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Prevention Act of 1974, as amended, has initiated
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two projects on hate crimes involving juveniles.
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The projects, The Juvenile Hate Crime Study and
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Hate Crime Prevention: A Juvenile Justice
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Approach, were initially funded in 1993.
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Juvenile Hate Crime Study
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The Juvenile Hate Crime Study, conducted by West
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Virginia University's Dr. Richard Ball and David
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Curry, is a research project designed to
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standardize the complex issues in defining hate
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crimes. It is also studying the quality and
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availability of statistics pertaining to the
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involvement of juveniles, either as offenders or
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victims, in hate crimes. Preliminary findings
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indicate that only six states, and seven major
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cities within those states, maintain crime related
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data that specifies the age of the offender in
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hate crimes.
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The data reviewed from the six states revealed a
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wide variance in the percentage of hate crimes
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that can be attributed to juveniles (8.5% to
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62.6%). A juvenile is defined as a person under
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the age of 18. In the seven major cities,
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juveniles were identified as the offender in a
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hate crime in 8.3% to 42.9% of the offenses. From
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the data reviewed in these states and cities, it
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can be extrapolated by using robust statistical
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techniques that an estimated 17% to 26% of all
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hate crimes incidents recorded by law enforcement
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can be attributed to juveniles.
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Under the OJJDP study, some correlates between
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juveniles and hate crime involvement have been
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identified. There appears to be a correlation
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between involvement in hate crime offending and
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gang-related crime. This is most notable with
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skinhead gangs and similar hate groups. These
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areas are identified by the project as needing
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further study.
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A 1988 Abt Associates study of hate crime
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estimated that half of the individuals arrested
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for hate crimes are adolescents and young adults
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between 16 and 25 years of age (Finn, P. And
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McNeil, T., 1988). In comparison, the FBI
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Uniform Crime Reports reported that only 35% of
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all arrests in 1993 were adolescents and young
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adults between 16-24 years of age.
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Juvenile Hate Crime Prevention
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The second project, Hate Crime Prevention: A
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Juvenile Justice Approach, is being conducted by
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the Education Development Center, Inc., (EDC).
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EDC's goals are to assist the field in the
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implementation of programs to prevent hate crime
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and to build awareness in the field of education
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and criminal justice to prevent hate crimes. These
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goals will be accomplished by developing, pilot
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testing and disseminating a hate crime prevention
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curriculum. At present, EDC has completed an
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assessment of the relevant literature and existing
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curricula and surveyed experts in the field. EDC
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also established an advisory board of national
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experts in the areas of juvenile justice,
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education, hate crime research, and victim
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assistance to advise and assist in the development
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of the curriculum. This developmental effort
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resulted in the production of a summary report of
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existing programs and a draft educational
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curriculum for juveniles.
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The EDC curriculum is divided into three different
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sections: 1) Introduction and Implementation
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Guidelines; 2) Where we are now: Understanding
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and Preventing Hate Crime and Incidents; and 3)
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How it begins: Understanding the Roots of Hate.
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The educational curriculum is designed to prevent
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hate crime and offer guidance to juveniles who
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commit hate crimes. It consists of 10 forty
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minute units. Each unit contains a lesson plan
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that includes student learning objectives,
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preparation instructions, teaching points,
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activities, handouts, lesson goals and purposes.
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EDC's curriculum was pilot tested at the Collins
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Middle School in Salem, Massachusetts this past
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year. EDC is currently reviewing and evaluating
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curriculum implementation. Once the evaluation is
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completed, the curriculum will undergo a
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redesign and be tested in two more sites to
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assure the efficacy of the program. If
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successful, it will be made available for national
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replication.
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The products developed from this OJJDP project are
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expected to have substantial impact on the
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juvenile justice agencies and hate crime
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prevention organizations that currently utilize
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training mechanisms but do not have the time,
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research, or expertise to develop curriculum
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materials on hate crime.
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References:
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Ball, Richard A. and David Curry. (1995).
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Hate/Bias Crimes and Juveniles: A National
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Assessment. Draft Report submitted to The Office
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of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention,
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Department of Justice.
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Federal Bureau of Investigation. (1993). Hate
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Crime Statistics 1993. Uniform Crime Reports.
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Finn, P. and T. McNeil. (1988). Bias Crime and
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Criminal Justice Response: A Summary Report
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Prepared for the National Criminal Justice
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Association. Cambridge, MA: Abt Associates, Inc.
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McLaughlin, K. and Kelly Brilliant. (1994). Hate
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Crime Prevention: A Juvenile Justice Approach.
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Educational Development Center, Inc. Draft
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Assessment Report Summary submitted to the Office
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of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention,
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Department of Justice.
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This Fact Sheet was prepared by Eric Bishop,
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Intern, and Jeff Slowikowski, Program Specialist,
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both with OJJDP's Research and Program Development
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Division. For further information on hate crimes,
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please call Jeff Slowikowski at (202) 307-5929.
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FS-9529 |